A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way in w

第1题

To a philosopher, wisdom is not the same as knowledge.Facts may be known in enormous numbe

To a philosopher, wisdom is not the same as knowledge. Facts may be known in enormous numbers without the knower of them loving wisdom. Indeed, the person who possesses encyclopedic (学识渊博的) information may actually have a genuine contempt (轻视) for those who love and seek wisdom. The philosopher is not content with a mere knowledge of facts. He desires to combine and evaluate facts, and to examine beneath the obvious to the deeper orderliness behind the immediately given facts. Insight into the hidden depths of reality, perspective (洞察) on human life and nature in their entirety, in the words of Plato, to be a spectator of time and existence--these are the philosopher's objectives. Too great an interest in the small details of science, may, and often does, obscure these basic objectives.

Philosophers assume that the love of wisdom is a natural gift of the human being. Potentially every man is a philosopher because in the depths of his being there is an intense longing to penetrate to the meaning of the mysteries of existence. The inner deep longing expresses itself in various ways prior to any actual study of philosophy as a technical branch of human culture. Consequently every human being in so far as he has ever been or is a lover of wisdom has, to that extent, a philosophy of life.

The title below that best expresses the idea of this passage is ______.

A．The Potential Philosopher

B．The Philosophy of Plato

C．The Philosopher Versus the Scientist

D．The Philosopher Defined

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第2题

What makes a person a scientist?Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others?The answer is "no".It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that make him a scientist.You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter.You will probably agree,too,that knowing how to investigate,how to discover information,is important to everyone.The scientist,however,goes one step further,he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons.He also works to fit the answer he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.

The scientist's knowledge must be exact.There is no room for half right or right just half the time.He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit.What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times.If the conditions are different,any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions.This is one reason that investigations are important in science.Albert Einstein,who developed the theory of relativity,arrived at this theory through mathematics.The accuracy of this mathematics was later tested through investigations,Einstein's ideas were shown to be correct.A scientist uses many tools for measurements.Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.

1.What makes a scientist according to the passage?（）

A.The tools he uses.

B.The way he uses his tools.

C.His ways of learning.

D.The various tools he uses.

2.The underlined part in the passage shows（）.

A.the importance of information

B.the importance of thinking

C.the difference between scientists and ordinary people

D.the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs

3.A sound scientific theory should be one that （）.

A.works not only under one set of conditions at one time,but also under the same conditions at other times

B.does not allow any changes even under different conditions

C.can be used for many purposes

D.leave no room for improvement

4.The author quotes the case of Albert Einstein to illustrate（）.

A.that measurements are keys to success m science

B.that accuracy of mathematics

C.that investigations are important science

D.that the mathematical calculations may test his investigations

5.What is the main idea of the passage?（）

A.The theory of relativity.

B.Exactness is the core of science.

C.Scientists are different from ordinary people.

D.Exactness and ways of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.

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第3题

The scientist is not a person who gives the right answers ()the one who asks the righ

The scientist is not a person who gives the right answers （)the one who asks the righ

t questions.

A、however

B、but

C、than

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第4题

In the opinion of many Americans and Europeans, we only began to really explore our world

in the sixteenth century. According to them, the sailors of the ancient world did not explore distant parts of the world; they did not have the necessary knowledge or skills for long sea journeys. However, the people who have this opinion are forgetting two important facts of history.

First, sometimes early scientists have an idea which is correct, but scientists in later centuries do not believe it. For example, about 270 B. C., a Greek scientist had an idea which we all believe today: The earth moves around the sun. But for the following 1,600 years scientists did not believe this. In their opinion, the sun clearly moved around the earth. They discovered the truth again only in the fifteenth century!

The second fact of history that many people forget is this: Ancient does not mean primitive. For example, the ancient Egyptians knew a great deal about the stars; they used this knowledge to find their way across the oceans. Two thousand years ago a Greek scientist who lived in Egypt calculated the distance around the earth. The results of his calculations were close to the real distance we know today! So the ancients had a great deal of scientific knowledge. They also had skills which equaled the skills of to- day. For example, 1,300 years ago and before, fishermen in Ireland built their boats of wood and leather. Today some fishermen in Ireland still make boats of the same de- sign. They use tools and materials which are not very different from the tools and materitals which their ancestors used. Why？ The ancient design of the boats was good, and with skillful sailors, these boats can sail in all kinds of weather.

Clearly long before the sixteenth century, people had the skill, the knowledge and the equipment which were necessary for long journeys by sea. The world did not have to wait until the sixteenth century for its first explorers!

Which of the following statements is consistent with the passage？

A．According to the writer, we only began to really explore the world in the sixteenth century.

B．In the history of science, people sometimes have to discover a fact a second time.

C．The ancient Egyptians had very little knowledge about the stars.

D．The writer agrees with many Americans and Europeans except for the two facts mentioned in the passage.

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第5题

If you are like most people, your intelligence varies from season to season. You are proba

bly a lot sharper in the spring than you are at any other time of the year. A famous scientist concluded that climate and temperature have a definite effect on our mental abilities, and that cool weather is much more favourable for creative thinking than in summer heat. This does not mean all people are less intelligent in the summer than they are during the rest of the year. It does mean, however, that the mental abilities of large members of people tend to be lowest in the summer.

Spring appears to be the best period of the year for thinking. One reason may be that in the spring man's mental abilities are affected by the same factors that bring about great changes in all nature. Autumn is the next best season, then winter. As for summer, it seems to be a good time to take a long vacation from thinking.

Generally speaking, it is far fitter for creative thinking when the weather is ______ .

A．sunny and fine

B．windy and rainy

C．warm and wet

D．neither cold nor hot

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第6题

If you are like most people, your intelligence varies from season to season. You are proba

bly a lot sharper in the spring than you are at any other time of the year. A famous scientist concluded that climate and temperature have a definite effect on our mental abilities, and that cool weather is much more favourable for creative thinking than in summer heat. This does not mean all people are less intelligent in the summer than they are during the rest of the year. It does mean, however, that the mental abilities of large members of people tend to be lowest in the summer.

Spring appears to be the best period of the year for thinking. One reason may be that in the spring man's mental abilities are affected by the same factors that bring about great changes in all nature. Autumn is the next best season, then winter. As for summer, it seems to be a good time to take a long vacation from thinking.

Generally speaking, it is far fitter for creative thinking when the weather is ______ .

A．sunny and fine

B．windy and rainy

C．warm and wet

D．neither cold nor hot

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第7题

--Who has a ball？ --Tom and Sam ________

A.have

B.has

C.does

D.do

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第8题

Tom is the man who always does ______ best even in the most difficult situation.A．one'sB．y

Tom is the man who always does ______ best even in the most difficult situation.

A．one's

B．your

C．their

D．his

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第9题

A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply--all these

were important factors, in helping England to become the center for the

Industrial Revolution. (31) they were not enough. Something else was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men-- (32) individuals

who could invent machines, find new sources of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who (33) the machines of the Industrial Revolution came from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were (34) inventors than scientists. A

man who is a pure scientist is primarily interested in doing his research (35) . He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used. An inventor or one

interested in applied science is (36) trying to make something that has a concrete idea. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories (37) science or by

experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a specific result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a

light bulb, or one of (38) other objectives. Most of the people who developed the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even

those who had (39) or no training in science might not have made their inventions if a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years (40) .A.ButB.AndC.Besides D.Even

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第10题

A scientist who wants to predict the way in which consumers（消费者) will spend their money

A scientist who wants to predict the way in which consumers(消费者) will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.

If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most—people with rising incomes, stable incomes, or 'decreasing incomes—he would probably answer, those with decreasing incomes. Actually, in the years 1947~1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes. People with decreasing incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions(假设) about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying. One typical attitude was expressed by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. "In a few months", she said, "we'll have to pay more for meat and milk; we'll have less to spend on other things". Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be disliked and buyers' resistance may be produced. This is shown by the following typical comment; "I just don't pay these prices; they are too high".

The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America; condition most helpful to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology(心理学).

According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way people spend their money, he should______.

A．rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spending

B．try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend money

C．carry out investigations on consumer behavior. and get data of consumers incomes and money spending motives

D．do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory

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第11题

According to Paragraph l，the man who does more than is required__________ ．A.is ready to a

According to Paragraph l，the man who does more than is required__________ ．

A.is ready to accept what the society offers him

B.expects nothing in retum for his work

C.feels that he iS under heavy debt

D.thinks this makes his life easy

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