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Some governments have ______ cigarette commercial (商业广告节目) and launched anti-smoking campaigns.
A．pretended
B．disagreed
C．restored
D．forbidden
答案
更多“Some governments have ______ cigarette commercial （商业广告节目) and launched anti-smoking”相关的问题
第1题
SECTION A COMPOSITION (35 MIN)
Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)？ Why？
Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:
Improving Roads or Improving Public Transportation？
You are to write in three parts:
In the first part, state your point of view clearly.
In the second part, give some specific reasons to support your view.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.
第2题
City life is not always a bad thing, but many experts worry about this process of urbanization (城市化 ). A new report says that process is having a huge effect on human health and the quality of the environment. Of the three billion people who live in cities now, the report says, about one billion live in unplanned settlements. These are areas of poverty, slums that generally lack basic services like clean water, or even permanent housing. More than 60 million people are added to cities and surrounding areas each year, mostly in slums in developing countries. The international community has been too slow to recognize the growth of urban poverty. Policy makers need to increase investments in education, health care and other areas.
The report talks about some successful efforts by local governments and community groups. For example, it says in Columbia, engineers have created a bus system that has helped reduce air pollution and improve quality of life.
The link between urban poverty and the environment is serious, but governments also need to consider why people are moving out of rural areas. Climate changes, droughts, floods—there are many reasons forcing people to leave their farm land.
The two issues of poverty reduction and the environment have existed side by side, but rarely have they connected—until now. Governments are starting to understand that environmental collapse is not a natural cost of economic development. Instead, it is hurting the possibility for growth.
The main idea of the passage is about ______.
A．urbanization and its effects
B．a huge effect of human
C．economic development
D．the environment
第3题
Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. "Incomes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do not have secure individual fights," he says.
Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.
"No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary," he argues. "There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well."
Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. "We would not deposit our money in banks.., if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers," Olson writes.
Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. "If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives(刺激,动力)to produce, invest,, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance," Olson concludes.
Which of the following is true about Olson？
A．He was a fiction writer.
B．He edited the book Power and Prosperity.
C．He taught economics at the University of Maryland.
D．He was against the ownership of private property.
第4题
阅读材料，回答题。
Man cannot go on increasing his number at the present rate. In the next 30 years man will faca period of crisis. Some experts believe that there will be a widespread food___ 51 ____. Other experthink this is too pessimistic (悲观的), and that man can prevent things from___ 52 ____worse tha they are now. But remember that two thirds of the people in the world are under-nourished or stmving now.
One thing that man can do is to limit the___ 53 ____of babies born. The need for this is obvious but it is not easy to achieve. People have to be___ 54 ____to limit their families. In the countries of the population___ 55 ____, many people like big families. The parents think that this makes a bigger income for the family and ensures there will be someone in the family who will look___ 56 ____them in old age.
Several governments have___ 57 ____birth control policies in recent years. Among them are Japan, China, India and Egypt. In some cases the results have not been successful. Japan has been an___ 58____The Japanese adopted a birth control policy in 1921~3. People were___ 59 ____to limit their families. The birth rate fell from 34.3 per thousand per year to about 17.0 per year___ 60 ____ present.
________ 查看材料
A.Need
B.want
C.Absence
D.shortage
第5题
Because AIDS is a worldwide epidemic(传染病，流行病), nothing【C4】______than a worldwide effort can control and perhaps some day wipe the disease. Governments must【C5】______by fully informing their citizens【C6】______the epidemic and, most important, by telling people【C7】______actions they can take to prevent infection(感染). Public health agencies must also insure that blood transfusions(输血)and【C8】______are safe. Those already infected should receive【C9】______attention so they do not spread the virus to others.
【C10】______, the U. S. government has committed more than two billion dollars to fight【C11】______AIDS in 1989 - including more than 600 million dollars for research. The screening of blood【C12】______has already ensured the safety of blood supplies in the U. S. , and American military personnel are required to take【C13】______blood tests. Public health groups have carried【C14】______AIDS education programs aimed particularly at homosexuals,【C15】______addicts, and others whose behavior. makes them highly susceptible(易受影响的)【C16】______the virus. U. S. government agencies are also【C17】______public health authorities throughout the developing world in their efforts to【C18】______the spread of the AIDS virus and to treat those afflicted with the disease.【C19】______the rapid spread of the disease and the number of people now infected, the battle against AIDS will be difficult to win. But it's a battle the world cannot【C20】______to lose.
【C1】
A．striking
B．sticking
C．stirring
D．stinging
第6题
In country after country, talk of nonsmokers' rights is in the air. This fresh voice is heard from Australia to Sweden. Its force is freeing clean air for nonsmokers -- and tightening the situation for smokers.
While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking abuse. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.
In many developing nations, however, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress -- and is even encouraged. While it appears that in developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become stabilized, there are some indications that it is still rising at a steady pace in Latin America.
Despite progress in segregating (分开) nonsmokers and smokers, most countries see little change in the number of smokers. In fact, there is a jump in the number of girls and young women starting to smoke.
So far, any cooperation between tobacco interests and governments' campaigns against smoking has been in the area of tobacco advertising.
Restrictions on cigarette ads, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing (抑制) smoking.
But world attention also is focusing on other steps which will:
-- Prevent pro-smoking scenes on TV and films.
-- Remove cigarette vending machines.
-- Make it illegal to sell or hand over tobacco products to minors.
-- Boost cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes.
When you are traveling around the world, you will find that ______.
A．the topic of nonsmokers' rights is a hot issue for discussion
B．the expression "Don't puff on me" is posted everywhere
C．few countries pay attention to nonsmokers' rights
D．smokers are forced to give up smoking to keep the air clean
第7题
This survey has presented the arguments for more private funding and for fairer pensions. Such changes will create motives for individuals to take charge of their own retirement needs rather than leaving the task to the state. This, in turn, will make the provision of public pensions more afford- able.
Even so, the state will continue to play a leading role in pensions. At a minimum, governments must offer a safety net, probably in the form. of a defined benefit financed through taxation, for people who for some reason have not been able to provide for themselves and who would otherwise be miserable in old age. More broadly, there is a case for the state to offer a slimmed-down pay-as-you-go pension system, although as far as possible this should be organized along defined-contributions lines. Such provision widens the range of assets to include human capital because the effective return comes from total wages, and offers a safe if low return.
Governments also have to create a suitable framework for effective private pensions. Administrative(行政的)expenses have to be tightly controlled, and appropriate tax motives have
to be offered to encourage voluntary pension saving. Where the state provides a generous safety net, private-pension saving may have to be made mandatory(强制的) , otherwise many people will not bother.
So much for the developed countries, but what of the more youthful populations of tile rest of the world？ In 1994, the World Bank came down heavily in favor of more funding in private accounts. It thought the state's role should be to provide a smallish first pillar with the limited task of providing protection against old-age poverty, and to command a privately-funded second pillar to provide the bulk of pensions.
More private funding and fairer pensions______.
A．can urge people to save more private-pensions
B．may be financed through tax
C．can lessen the burden of the state
D．can provide more public pensions
第8题
less popular airports was a much cheaper alternative to the major city airports and supported Airtite’s low cost service,
modelled on existing low cost competitors. These providers had effectively transformed air travel in Europe and, in so
doing, contributed to an unparalleled expansion in airline travel by both business and leisure passengers. Airtite used
one type of aircraft, tightly controlled staffing levels and costs, relied entirely on online bookings and achieved high
levels of capacity utilisation and punctuality. Its route network had grown each year and included new routes to some
of the 15 countries that had joined the EU in 2004. Airtite’s founder and Chief Executive, John Sykes, was an
aggressive businessman ever willing to challenge governments and competitors wherever they impeded his airline and
looking to generate positive publicity whenever possible.
John is now looking to develop a strategy which will secure Airtite’s growth and development over the next 10 years.
He can see a number of environmental trends emerging which could significantly affect the success or otherwise of
any developed strategy. 2006 had seen fuel costs continue to rise reflecting the continuing uncertainty over global
fuel supplies. Fuel costs currently account for 25% of Airtite’s operating costs. Conversely, the improving efficiency of
aircraft engines and the next generation of larger aircraft are increasing the operating efficiency of newer aircraft and
reducing harmful emissions. Concern with fuel also extends to pollution effects on global warming and climate
change. Co-ordinated global action on aircraft emissions cannot be ruled out, either in the form. of higher taxes on
pollution or limits on the growth in air travel. On the positive side European governments are anxious to continue to
support increased competition in air travel and to encourage low cost operators competing against the over-staffed
and loss-making national flag carriers.
The signals for future passenger demand are also confused. Much of the increased demand for low cost air travel to
date has come from increased leisure travel by families and retired people. However families are predicted to become
smaller and the population increasingly aged. In addition there are concerns over the ability of countries to support
the increasing number of one-parent families with limited incomes and an ageing population dependent on state
pensions. There is a distinct possibility of the retirement age being increased and governments demanding a higher
level of personal contribution towards an individual’s retirement pension. Such a change will have a significant impact
on an individual’s disposable income and with people working longer reduce the numbers able to enjoy leisure travel.
Finally, air travel will continue to reflect global economic activity and associated economic booms and slumps together
with global political instability in the shape of wars, terrorism and natural disasters.
John is uncertain as to how to take account of these conflicting trends in the development of Airtite’s 10-year strategy
and has asked for your advice.
Required:
(a) Using models where appropriate, provide John with an environmental analysis of the conditions affecting the
low cost air travel industry. (12 marks)
第9题
As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour ; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different: "European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French, government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e. g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
The EU is faced with so many problems that_________.
A．it has more or less lost faith in markets
B．even its supporters begin to feel concerned
C．some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
D．it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
第10题
Evolution is mostly to blame. It has designed mankind to cope with deprivation, not plenty. People are perfectly tuned to store energy in good years to see them through lean ones. But when bad times never come, they are stuck with that energy, stored around their expanding bellies.
Thanks to rising agricultural productivity, lean years are rarer all over the globe. Modernday Malthusians, who used to draw graphs proving that the world was shortly going to run out of food, have gone rather quiet lately. According to the UN, the number of people short of food fell from 920m in 1980 to 799m 20 years later, even though the world's population increased by 1.6 billion over the period. This is mostly a cause for celebration. Mankind has won what was, for most of his time on this planet, his biggest battle: to ensure that he and his offspring had enough to eat. But every silver lining has a cloud, and the consequence of prosperity is a new plague that brings with it a
host of interesting policy dilemmas.
As a scourge of the modern world, obesity has an image problem. It is easier to associate with Father Christmas than with the four horses of the apocalypse. But it has a good claim to lumber along beside them, for it is the world's biggest public-health issue today—the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war; the principal risk factor in diabetes; heavily implicated in cancer and other diseases. Since the World Health Organisation labelled obesity an "epidemic" in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and fast.
Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco？ Possibly. In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming (see survey) and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history. But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century's dining to excess. And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds. That's why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them.
The author write this passage mainly to ______.
A．bring up some warnings.
B．tell the reader some new facts.
C．discuss a solution to a problem.
D．persuade the reader to keep fit.
