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A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learn

ing English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.

What makes a 'good' language learner 'good', and what makes a 'poor' language learner 'poor'？ What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context？ These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies, Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: chap 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chamot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either 'good' or 'poor'.

Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research.

In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986) We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style. or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they interact to affect success or failure in a particular language learning situation.

Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.

In paragraph 2 learner variables, and strategies are defined by reference to other writers

A．because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important concepts

B．because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitions

C．because the present author is not sure what these terms mean

D．because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area

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发布时间：2023-02-16
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更多“A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learn”相关的问题

第1题

Task 2Directions: This task is the same as Task 1.The 5 questions or unfinished statements

Task 2

Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.

If you own a car, you are probably considering buying some kind of car insurance (保险). However, when you are actually purchasing car insurance, it can be difficult for you to decide which is your best choice. The ideal buying process is to first research and decide, then purchase. Research first

Before buying car insurance, you should find out the purpose of your purchase and how the insurance meets your needs.

Decide on suitable Car Insurance Policies (保单)

A neglected part of car insurance is the part which covers medical bills. Medical payments can add up very quickly in an accident situation, and the insurance should cover the bills incurred(招致) both by you and by the passengers in your car. Make sure you know the full value that your insurance covers.

Purchase the best Car Insurance for your needs

You have a number of choices when it comes to the actual purchase of the car insurance. Each has advantages and disadvantages, and these may be influenced by your individual taste and previous buying experience. Insurance companies may offer you goodadvice, but prices on the Internet are often better.

According to the first paragraph, when buying car insurance, one should first______.

A．decide on the number of policies to purchase

B．do careful research on the different choices

C．choose the best insurance company

D．look for the lowest insurance rate

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第2题

3 Joe Lawson is founder and Managing Director of Lawson Engineering, a medium sized, priva
tely owned family

business specialising in the design and manufacture of precision engineering products. Its customers are major

industrial customers in the aerospace, automotive and chemical industries, many of which are globally recognised

companies. Lawson prides itself on the long-term relationships it has built up with these high profile customers. The

strength of these relationships is built on Lawson’s worldwide reputation for engineering excellence, which has

tangible recognition in its gaining prestigious international awards for product and process innovation and quality

performance. Lawson Engineering is a company name well known in its chosen international markets. Its reputation

has been enhanced by the awarding of a significant number of worldwide patents for the highly innovative products

it has designed. This in turn reflects the commitment to recruiting highly skilled engineers, facilitating positive staff

development and investing in significant research and development.

Its products command premium prices and are key to the superior performance of its customers’ products. Lawson

Engineering has also established long-term relationships with its main suppliers, particularly those making the exotic

materials built into their advanced products. Such relationships are crucial in research and development projects,

some of which take a number of years to come to fruition. Joe Lawson epitomises the ‘can do’ philosophy of the

company, always willing to take on the complex engineering challenges presented by his demanding customers.

Lawson Engineering now faces problems caused by its own success. Its current location, premises and facilities are

inadequate to allow the continued growth of the company. Joe is faced with the need to fund a new, expensive,

purpose-built facility on a new industrial estate. Although successful against a number of performance criteria, Lawson

Engineering’s performance against traditional financial measures has been relatively modest and unlikely to impress

the financial backers Joe wants to provide the necessary long-term capital.

Joe has become aware of the increasing attention paid to the intangible resources of a firm in a business. He

understands that you, as a strategy consultant, can advise him on the best way to show that his business should be

judged on the complete range of assets it possesses.

Required:

(a) Using models where appropriate, provide Joe with a resource analysis showing why the company’s intangible

resources and related capabilities should be taken into account when assessing Lawson Engineering’s case

for financial support. (12 marks)

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第3题

Part A 2 BBC ‘s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which o
f two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain.

The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.

The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.

Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential persons”. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claming to provide enlightenment. When is this “potential” supposed to kick in？ In case you were wondering, these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.

The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals.

第6题：Which of the following is true of Sony’s acquisition of Columbia Pictures？

［A］ It was motivated by Morita’s desire to project an image of success.

［B］ Sony’s top executives were quite convinced of its benefits for the company.

［C］ Entertainment industry insiders believed it was the failure of Hollywood.

［D］ It was the expensive expansion from electronics into entertainment.

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第4题

根据下面材料，回答题。 A Bad IdeaThink you can walk, drive, take phone calls, e-mail and l

根据下面材料，回答题。

A Bad Idea

Think you can walk, drive, take phone calls, e-mail and listen to music at the same time？

Well, New York&39;s new law says you can&39;t___ 46____ The law went into force last month, following research and a shocking number of accidents that involved people using electronic gadgets (小的机械) when crossing the street.

Who&39;s to blame？ ___47____ "We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can, " says Rene Marois, a neuroscientist (神经科学家) in Tennessee. "But a core limitation is the inability to concentrate on two things at once."

The young people are often considered the great multi-taskers.___48____ A group of 18-to 21-year-olds and a group of 35- to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate images into numbers, using a simple code.___49 ____But when both groups were interrupted by a phone call or an instant message, the older group matched the younger group in speed and accuracy.

It is difficult to measure the productivity lost by multi-taskers. But it is probably a lot.

Jonathan Spire, chief analyst at Basex, a business-research firm, estimates the cost of interruptions to the American economy at nearly $650 billion a year ___50____ The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers&39; time was spent on interruptions and recovery time before they returned to their main tasks.

第46题__________ 查看材料

A.And you"ll be fined $100 if you do so on a New York City street.

B.Talking on a cell-phone while driving brings you joy anyway

C.The estimate is based on surveys with office workers.

D.The younger group did 10 percent better when not interrupted.

E.However， an Oxford University， research suggests this perception is open to question.

F.Scientists say that our multi-tasking （多任务处理） abilities are limited.

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第5题

3 The Chemical Services Group plc （CSG), which operates a divisionalised structure, provid

3 The Chemical Services Group plc (CSG), which operates a divisionalised structure, provides services to industrial and

domestic customers in Swingland, a country whose economic climate is subject to significant variations. There have

been a number of recent changes at board level within CSG and therefore the managing director called a meeting of

the board of directors at which each of four recently appointed directors put forward their view as to what their primary

focus should be. These were as follows:

The research and development director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon ensuring that we continue to develop

the products and services that satisfy the requirements of our existing and potential customers’.

The finance director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon keeping our investors satisfied’.

The human resources director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon ensuring that we take all the steps necessary to

establish and maintain our reputation as a responsible employer’.

The corporate affairs director stated that ‘my primary focus is upon the need to ensure that we are recognised as a

socially responsible organisation’.

Required:

(a) Discuss the criteria that should be considered in deciding upon suitable performance measures in respect of

the primary focus of each of the FOUR directors of CSG providing THREE appropriate quantitative measures

for each primary focus.

Note: your answer may include financial or non-financial quantitative measures. (12 marks)

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第6题

回答下列各题： A． As never before in their long history, universities have become instrumen
ts of national competition as wellas instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, andthe primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at thesame time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especiallypeople has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopoliticalstability. B．In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures andvalues, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study thataddress the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advancescience for the benefit of all humanity. C．Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over thepast three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rateof 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another,but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow from developed todeveloping countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students cam 30 percent of the doctoral degreesawarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing bordersfor undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at Americas best institutions andI0 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States,20 percent of the newly hired professors inscience and engineering arc foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top researchuniversities received their graduate education abroad. D．Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country; InEurope, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit inone of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helpingplace students in summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard haveled the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity--andproviding the financial resources to make it possible. E． Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of aresearch program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator TianXu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghais Fudan University, incollaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduatestudents working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate studentsvisit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangementbenefits both countries; Xus Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research inChina, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-classscientist and his U.S. team. F．As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercializationof major new technologies, from the mainframe. computer and integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internetinfrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based scienceand industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionallycreated by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MITand Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps mostsuccessfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnologycompanies have set up shop around the university. G． For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model~Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but supportfor research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflations since then. Support for the physical sciences andengineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground iswelcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate oflong-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year. H．American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promotethe national interest by in. creasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding: forinternational exchanges and foreign-language study is well beloW the levels of 40 yearS ago. In the wake ofSeptember 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline inthe number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K.Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal ofthe decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students. I．Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nations well-being through their scientificresearch, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge andskills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two importantpositive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and--like immigrants throughout history--strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors formany of its most cherished (珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. InAmerica as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability aswelcoming international university students. American universities prepare their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship.

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第7题

If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American healthcare system
, what, then, is responsible for them？ Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39% of all health expenditures-more than doctor, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.

Although U.S. hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of insufficient organizations: increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increases in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 2796 greater than that for all medical care and 163% greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34%. But hospitals seemed oblivious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about 396, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.

After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked: "Where's the money going？" Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern Healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that "anecdotes of hospitals' unnecessary spending on technology abound". Medical technology is very expensive. An operating room outfitted to perform. open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33%, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform. at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform. fewer than fifty a year.

According to the passage, the American health-care system______.

A．is working smoothly

B．is the best system in the world

C．is not working efficiently

D．in on the point of collapses

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第8题

Jupiter Communications, a market research firm, reports that 72% of teenagers in the U
nited States will be online by 2003 (Stanton, 2000). This alone indicates that students will learn and communicate electronically more than any previous generation. At the same time, teenagers are not the only digital learners. With the growing number of online courses, the increasing accessibility of computers, and the increasing number of computer users, students of all ages are taking advantage of distance learning or are using computers to enhance the traditional classroom experience.

Two things emerge in the study of students’attitudes toward online learning: individual situations impact students’ perceptions of computer-based learning, and students’ varied individual characteristics make it difficult to define their perceptions conclusively. For example, some students have their own computers, while others rely on computer labs. Such variation in computer access can result in attitudinal differences. In addition, the purpose of computer use varies. Distance education courses, for example, use computers in different ways than traditional classrooms, which can also affect students’ perceptions. A wide variety of achievement levels and attitudes exist among both online and traditional learners. Although an illusory “typical learner” exists, a variety of factors, including students’ gender, age, and motivation, could explain different reactions among the student population.

1).According to the passage, what does "digital learners" mean？（）

A、Learners of mathematics

B、Learners of information technology

C、Computer users

D、Online learners

2).What will make online learning more and more popular？（）

A、The crowded classrooms

B、The lower cost of computers

C、The increase of computer users

D、The previous generations interest in digital communication

3).Which of the following is the main factor that makes it difficult to define students'' perceptions of online learning definitely？（）

A、Learners'' varied locations

B、Learners'' varied characteristics

C、Learners'' varied communication skills

D、Learners'' varied experiences

4).What is the author''s attitude towards online learning？（）

A、cautious

B、indifferent

C、positive

D、negative

5).Who may become online learners？（）

A、Mainly teenagers

B、Mostly college students

C、Only working people with their own computers

D、People of all ages and backgrounds

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第9题

As heart disease continues to be the number-one killer in the United States, researchers h
ave become increasingly interested in identifying the potential risk factors that trigger heart attacks. High-fat diets and "life in the fast track" have long been known to contribute to the high incidence of heart failure. But according to new studies, the list of risk factors may be significantly longer and quite surprising.

Heart failure, for example, appears to have seasonal and temporal patterns. A higher percentage of heart attacks occur in cold weather, and more people experience heart failure on Monday than on any other day of the week. In addition, people are more susceptible to heart attacks in the first few hours after waking. Cardiologists first observed this morning phenomenon in the mid-1980, and have since discovered a number of possible causes. An early-morning rise in blood pressure, heart rate, and concentration of heart stimulating hormones, plus a reduction of blood flow to the heart, may all contribute to the higher incidence of heart attacks between the hours of 8:00 AM and 10:00 AM.

In other studies, both birthdays and bachelorhood have been implicated as risk factors. Statistics reveal that heart attack rates increase significantly for both females and males in the few days immediately preceding and following their birthdays. And unmarried men are more at risk for heart attacks than their married counterparts. Though stress is thought to be linked in some way to all of the aforementioned risk factors, intense research continues in the hope of further comprehending why and how heart failure is triggered.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Risk factors in heart attacks.

B．Seasonal and temporal patterns of heart attacks.

C．Cardiology in the 1980s.

D．Diet and stress as factors in heart attacks.

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第10题

根据材料请回答 23～30 题 Lie detectors （测谎仪)are widely used in the United States to f

根据材料请回答 23～30 题

Lie detectors (测谎仪)are widely used in the United States to find out whether a per-son is telling the truth or not.Polygraphists, the person who operate them, claim that they can establish guilt by detecting physiological changes that accompany emotional stress.The technique adopted is to ask leading questions such as: "Did you take the mo-ney？" or "Where did you hide the money？", mixed in with neutral questions, and measure the subject's electrical resistance in the palm or changes in his breathing and heart rate.Such apparatus has obtained widespread recognition.

Whether lie detectors will ever be adopted on a similar scale in Britain is still a matter of opinion.At first sight, it appears obvious that any simple, reliable method of convic-ting guilty people is valuable, but recent research sponsored by the U.S.Office of Public Health not only raises doubts about how lie detectors should be.used but also makes it questionable whether they should be employed at all.

The point is that, apart from many of the polygraphists being unqualified, the tests themselves are by no means free from error, primarily because they discount human imagi-nation and ingenuity.Think of all those perfectly innocent people, with nothing to be a-fraid of, who blush and stammer when a customs officer asks them if they have anything to declare.Fear, and a consequently heightened electrical response, may not be enough to establish guilt.It depends on whether the subject is afraid of being found out or afraid of being wrongfully convicted.

On the other hand, the person who is really guilty and whose past experience has pre-pared him for such tests can distort the results by anticipating the crucial questions or de-liberately giving exaggerated responses to neutral ones!

The success rate of up to 90% claimed for lie detectors is misleadingly attractive.If we refer such a figure to a company with 500 employees, twenty of whom are thieves, the lie detector could catch 18 of them but in doing so would place 32 innocent employees un-der suspicion.The problem for the management would therefore become one of deciding how much industrial unrest they are prepared to cause in order to eliminate theft.What concerns research workers even more, of course, is the fact that a certain number of in no-cent people are bound to be convicted of crimes that they have not committed.

第 23 题 Paragraph 1__________

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