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Working-class families in the United States are usually nuclear, andmany studies indicate

Working-class families in the United States are usually nuclear, and

many studies indicate that working-class couples marry for love, not

for money. Upper-class couples may marry for love, but their commitment

of love is sometimes compromised by the recognition of their marriage 【M1】______

as a way to preserve their class identity. Middle-class couples may also

marry for love, but the overridden task of middle-class families is also 【M2】______

an-economic thing—to enhance the earning power of the breadwinner. 【M3】______

Of course, working-class people are also affected by the economic

realities for their families must operate like economic units as well. 【M4】______

However, the economic tasks of families are more a part of their dreams 【M5】______

about marriage than they are a part of the reality of their married life.

Indeed, to many a working-class couples, love provides a way to escape 【M6】______

from the difficulties of their parents’ home and starts their own family life. 【M7】______

Another distinctive feature of working-class families is the majority 【M8】______

of them have limited choices about the work available to them. Their

"choices' are often the "leftovers" in the job market. People from working-class

families do seek serf-esteem and personal confirmation, and they come 【M9】______

to their jobs full of hopes. However, given the way which production 【M10】______

and consumption are organized in advancing societies like the U.S.,

members of the working-class often experience exploitation in struggling

at jobs that may be less meaningful.

【M1】

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第1题

As regards social conventions, we must say a word about the English class system. This is
an embarrassing subject for English people, and one they tend to be ashamed of, though during the present century class-consciousness has grown less and less. But it still exists. Broadly speaking, it means there are two classes, the "middle class" and the "working class" (We shall ignore for a moment the old "upper class", since it is extremely small in numbers; but some of its members have the right to sit in the House of Lords, and some newspapers take a surprising interest in their private life.) The middle class consists chiefly of businessmen and professional people of all kinds. The working class consists chiefly of manual and unskilled workers.

The most obvious difference between them is in their accent. Middle-class people use slightly varying kinds of "received pronunciation" which is the kind of English spoken by BBC announcers and taught to overseas pupils. Typical working-class people speak in many different local accents which are generally felt to be rather ugly and uneducated. One of the biggest barriers of social equality in England is the two-class education system. To have been to a so-called "public school" immediately marks you out as one of the middle class. The middle classes tend to live a more formal life. Their midday meal is "lunch" and they have a rather formal evening meal called "dinner", whereas the working man's dinner, if his working hours permit, is at midday, and his smaller, late-evening meal is called supper.

It has been government policy to reduce class distinctions. Working-class students commonly receive a university education and enter the professions, and working-class incomes have grown so much recently. However, regardless of one's social status, certain standards of politeness are expected of everybody, and a well-bred person is polite to everyone he meets, and treats a laborer with the same respect he gives an important businessman. Servility inspires both embarrassment and dislike. Even the word "sir", except in school and in certain occupations (e.g. commerce, the army etc.) sounds too servile to be commonly used.

The "upper class" in England today______.

A.are extremely small in number so that media pays no attention to them

B.still uses old words like "sir" in their everyday life

C.can sits in the House of Lords

D.refers only to the royal family

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第2题

Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal — or at least many parts
of it have. In some ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social class — whether a person is "working-class" or "middle-class"— are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.

In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workers' jobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her "housekeeping", would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.

The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the troth. He was — and still is — inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as a top priority, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.

Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws to improve job-security, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about "tomorrow". Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.

The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts and jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.

Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past?

A.Life style. and occupation.

B.Attitude and income.

C.Income and job security.

D.Job security and hobbies.

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