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Passage Two Modern humans emerged some 250,000 years ago, yet agriculture is a fairly

recent invention, only about 10,000 years old. Many crop plants are rather new additions to our diet: broccoli (a flowering mutant of kale) is thought to be only 500 years old. Most innovation is far more recent still. Although Austrian monk Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments quietly laid the basic foundations of genetics in the mid-19th century, his work was rediscovered and applied to crop breeding only at the beginning of the 20th century. Further advances have steadily accumulated. The 1940s saw the identification of DNA as genetic material and the adoption, by commercial breeders, of genetic modification - typically by applying chemicals or radiation to DNA to try to make plants with advantageous characteristics. The modifications ultimately led to the green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, during which time global wheat yields tripled. The 1980s and 1990s saw the commercial adoption of agricultural biotechnology, which has allowed breeders to introduce specific genes into crops from the same or different species. In 2004 the first plant genome was fully sequenced, and since then the number of plant gene sequences in GenBank, the public repository for gene sequence information, has been doubling every two years. Our knowledge is increasing exponentially, as it has been in other fields such as semiconductors and cellular telephony. Our challenge is to increase agricultural yields while decreasing the use of fertilizer, water, fossil fuels and other negative environmental inputs. Embracing human ingenuity and innovation seems the most likely path. Plants did not evolve to serve humans, and their sets of genes are incomplete for our purposes. The integral role of modifying genes is obvious to all breeders, though sometimes painfully absent from the public's understanding of how modern agriculture succeeds. All breeding techniques, from before Mendel's time until today, exploit modifications to plant DNA. These modifications can take the form. of mistakes or mutations that occur during natural cell division in the wild; the natural but random movement of DNA sequences from one part of a plant's genome to another; or the more precise insertion of known gene sequences using biotechnology. In all these cases, plant genes are moved within or across species, creating novel combinations. Hybrid genetics - the combination of different versions of the same gene – has resulted in spectacular yield increases. Largely as the consequence of using hybrid seed varieties, corn yields in the U.S. have increased more than 500 percent in the past 70 years. Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.

(1)Which statement is correct according to paragraph one？

A、Broccoli was first bred by Mendel

B、Broccoli wasn’t considered edible until 500 years ago

C、Mendel's work was considered most important in the history of genetics

D、Mendel’s study found its major application some 100 years ago

(2)What was cited as a result of the green revolution？

A、Sharp rise in worldwide wheat production

B、Extensive use of organic fertilizer

C、Large-scale adoption of genetic modification

D、Commercial success of genetically modified seeds.

(3)Which statement is true of GenBank according to the passage？

A、The number of gene sequences has doubled since its foundation

B、The commercial breeders are its main sponsors

C、It is a genetic sequence database

D、It was founded in 2004

(4)It can be learned from the passage that the significance of genetic modification is ______.

A、questioned by some critics

B、poorly conveyed to the public

C、appreciated by all breeders

D、fully understood only by scientists

(5)The word “novel” in paragraph three is closest in meaning to ______.

A、artificial

B、various

C、hybrid

D、new

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发布时间：2022-09-07
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更多“Passage Two Modern humans emerged some 250,000 years ago, yet agriculture is a fairly ”相关的问题

第1题

Prior to modern times, Western Europe was an underdeveloped rather than a developed re
gion.In the eleventh century China was producing two and a half times as much iron as did England and Wales together in 1640.By the twelfth century several Chinese cities had a population n equal to that of the whole contemporary England- about 1.3 million people.When the Westerners began their attack of Constantinople in 1203, they were full of respects for those high walls, those mighty towers, those rich palaces and churches, of which there were so many that no man could believe it if he had not seen them with their own eyes.

In modern times the situation was changed, thanks in large part to the profits from overseas trade and colonies, and to the settlement in new continents.Therefore, ninety percent of the world's total industrial output comes today from European origin.About two-thirds of the world's people are earning about $200 per capital every year, while the remaining one-third enjoy per capital incomes as high as $2,400 in the case of the United States.

1.In the 11th century China was___.

A.more underdeveloped than Western Europe

B.more advanced in technology than England

C.as developed as Western Europe

D.producing as much iron as Western Europe

2.Constantinople was_______.

A.a part of Western Europe

B.part of China

C.quite rich and prosperous

D.was a city with a population of 1.3 million

3.Europe became much more developed in modern times mainly by().

A.attacking Constantinople

B.making profits from foreign trade and their colonies

C.learned from the developed parts of the world and improved its technology

D.having its people form. the idea of working hard

4.It can NOT be concluded from the passage that().

A.several Chinese cities altogether had a total population of 1.3 million

B.westerners admired Constantinople for its marvelous buildings

C.Constantinople was much more developed than the invaders 'hometown

D.Americans have much higher salaries than two-thirds of the world' s people

5.Which of the following is true according to the passage？()

A.Four fifths of the world's products come from Europe

B.Ninety percent of the world's industrial output is from Europe

C.Europe began to develop when they attacked Constantinople

D.Westerners set up colonies after they became rich

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第2题

Modern cars use one of two commontypes Cf oil pumps-the（）-type and the（）-type.

A.vane

B.gear

C.rotor

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第3题

Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage？A．The Development of th

Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage？

A．The Development of the Concept of Literature

B．The Development of Modern Concept of Literature

C．The Development of Literature

D．The Development of Literacy

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第4题

Which is the main idea of the passage？ A. Collection and collectors. B. The evolutio

Which is the main idea of the passage？

A. Collection and collectors.

B. The evolution of museums.

C. Modern museums and their functions.

D. The birth of museums.

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第5题

Leisure plays an important part in British life. There are four main reasons for thi
Leisure plays an important part in British life. There are four main reasons for this.

First of all, people spend less time working now than they used to, mostly due to the introduction of new industrial technology. The normal British working week is Monday to Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., although some people regularly work a few hours' overtime each week. Secondly, all working people get a minimum of two weeks' paid holiday a year. In addition, there are six or more bank holidays a year when all banks and businesses are closed. In some cases the dates of these national holidays change from year to year and in different parts of Britain.

Another reason is that, thanks to modern medicine and higher living standards, people live longer now. This means that after retirement, people have quite a few years of leisure left. Nowadays a much higher proportion of the population is over sixty, but in this group there are more women than men.

Finally, fewer babies are born each year and the average family in Britain has two children. This is one result of changing social attitudes. For example, many more married women now go out to work. The money they earn influences their leisure time. Even married women who do not go out to work have more time for interesting hobbies because most British homes have washing machines, vacuum cleaners and other labor-saving gadgets.

The best title of this passage can be ____.

A. Time for relax

B. Time for refreshment

C. British working hour

D. British family

“A paid holiday” (in Para. 2) means working people ____.

A. have to pay for their holiday

B. have no pay when they are on holiday

C. get usual pay when they are on holiday

D. get less pay when they are on holiday

Among the old people, there are ____.

A. as many men as women

B. more women than men

C. more men than women

D. many more women than men

In Britain, married women have more leisure hours because they have ____.

A. work with a good pay

B. a lot of time

C. washing-machines and vacuum cleaners

D. fewer children and more labor-saving gadgets

Which of the following ideas is NOT suggested in the passage？

A. Some married women have more time of reading.

B. Some married women have interesting hobbies.

C. Some married women now go out to work.

D. Some married women still stay at home.

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第6题

Which of the following is true according to the passage？ [A]Fluvaccinesnowmainlyus

Which of the following is true according to the passage？

[A] Flu vaccines now mainly use egg-based technology.

[B] A bird influenza has once circulated among humans.

[C] Safety can be greatly improved with cell-culture vaccines.

[D] Modern vaccine production methods are to replace egg-based methods.

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第7题

To get a sense of how women have progressed in science take a quick tour of the physics department at the University ofCalifornia,Berkeley.This is a storied place the 36 of some of the most important discoveries in modern science-starting withErnest Lawrence' s invention of the cvclotron(回旋加速器)in 1931.

A、 generation ago female faces were 37 and,even today,visitors walking through the first floor of LeConte Hall will See a full corridor of exhibits 38 the many distinguished physicists who made history here, 39 all of there white malesBut climb up to the third floor and you' II see a 40 display.There,among the photos of current facnlty members and students are portraits of the 41 head of the department,Marjorie Shapiro and four other women whose reseaich 42 everything from the mecheanics of the universe to the smallest particles of matter.

A、sixth woman was hired just two weeks ago.Although they' re Still only about 10 percent of the physics faculty,women are clearly a presence here.And the real 43 may be in the smaller photos to the right graduate and undergraduate students about 20 percent of them female.Every yearsBerkeley sends its fresh female physics PhDs to the country' S top universities.That makes Shapiro optimistic but also 44 "I believe things are getting bette "she says "but they' re not getting better as 45as i would like."

A.circumstance

B.confidence

C.covers

D.current

E.deals

F.different

G.exposing

H.fastl

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第8题

Human' s Hands Archaeological records--paintings, drawings, and drawings of humans engaged

Human' s Hands

Archaeological records--paintings, drawings, and drawings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands--indicate that humans have been predominantly right - handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the fight-hand is depicted us the dominant one in about 90 per- cent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were fight - handed.

Cro - Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar. out- lines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Manganese are displayed on cave wails, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.

Anthropological evidence pushes the record of' handedness nearly human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right -handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter- clockwise rotation (indicating a left- handed toolmaker).

Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present - day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left - to - right stroke direction (by right- handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders).

Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which Side of the body is used to perform. specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right - or left - sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erects and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly right -handed, as we are.

What is the main idea of the passage？

A．Human ancestors became predominantly right- handed when they began to use tools.

B．It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence concerning tool use.

C．Human and their ancestors have been predominantly right - handed for over a million years.

D．Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern humans.

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第9题

选词填空：The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops （啤酒花)，for example

选词填空：The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花)，for example, which many a modern beerits bitter flavor, are a 26 recent additions to the beverage. Thiswas mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century. Now, researchershave found a 27 ingredient in residue (残留物) from 5000-year-old beer brewingequipment. While excavating two pits at a site in thecentral plains of China, scientists discovered pottery fragments from pots,funnels, amphorae, and stoves (stove fragment pictured). The different shapesof the containers 28 theywere used to brew, filter, and store beer—they may be ancient “beer-making tools,” and the earliest 29 evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers report online today in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.To30 thathypothesis, the team examined the yellowish, dried 31 insidethe vessels. The majority of the grains—about 80%—were from cereal cropslike barley (大麦), andabout 10% were bits of roots, 32 lily,which would have sweetened the brew, the scientists say. Barley was anunexpected find: The crop was domesticated in western Eurasia and didn’t becomea 33 food incentral China until about 2000 years ago, according to the researchers. basedon that timing, they suggest barley may have 34 in theregion not as food, but as 35 material forbeerbrewing.

A) arrived

B) consuming

C) direct

D) exclusively

E) including

F) inform

G) raw

H) reached

I) relatively

J) remains

K) resources

L) staple

M) suggest

N) surprising

O) test

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第10题

It can be inferred from the passage that by 1860 ______.A．half of the population lived to

It can be inferred from the passage that by 1860 ______.

A．half of the population lived to the west of Appalachian Mountains

B．Americans had long been desirous of new territories

C．westward expansion was a solution to the conflicts between the two parties

D．America's industry was highly developed

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